It's not likely for an insurance company to cancel your home insurance policy for a single claim.
In fact, homeowners insurance premiums are far less likely than most to increase after you file a claim. Most insurance companies do not increase homeowners insurance premiums after a single claim, no matter how large, particularly if the loss is caused by a natural disaster.
However, with a second claim under your homeowners policy, it becomes increasingly likely that your premiums will go up. This is especially true if you could have done something to prevent the loss. If you don't maintain your home properly, if it is somehow unsafe, or if you make multiple claims for similar reasons, you'll likely see higher premium rates.
There is one instance, however, when your homeowners insurance premiums will go up after a single claim. If the claim is for a dog bite, and you do nothing to improve the situation (e.g., fence your yard, etc.), your rates are sure to increase. Your insurer may even refuse to renew your policy in this case.